Modern poems

Modern poems :- 

Hello Readers, 

In this blog I write about 'Modern Poems' part of my classroom Thinking Activity. In this task our teacher gave a task to students for identify modernist metaphor in these following short poems. 

• Meaning of Modernism :-

According to the University of Toledo,

                                              Modernism is a period in literary history which started around the early 1900s and continued until the early 1940s. Modernist writers in general rebelled against clear-cut storytelling and formulaic verse from the 19th century. Instead, many of them told fragmented stories which reflected the fragmented state of society during and after World War I.
                                              But According to my opinion i think Modernism doesn't means something contemporary which talk about modern fashion, culture and something new it's call modernism. Another way i have to say that modernism is a opposite side of tradition. It means that Broken all thing, culture, traditions it's call modernism. Here I will put example of Wordsworth and Coleridge for better understanding. Both are wrote new way and create new form for writing. They also wrote against tradition and system.

                                              Every new inventions once upon a time criticize. Same as Modernism also criticize by many writers. During modern time creatively created new form of story, poem and structure by modernist poets. We know that literature is mirror of society and Literature always connected with society,religion,politics...etc. whose give perfect shaped literature. Parent's of Victorian age doesn't happy from that literature. " The Wast Land " written by T.S.Eliot is best example of modern poem.

Some Characteristic of Modernism:-

 - Individual Perspective came in the existence.

 - Stream of consciousness seemed.

- Experiments became necessary.

- Development of Science and Politics.

- Influence of Marxism

- Art for life's sake.

- Loss of Faith.

- Passion for Humanity.

- Increased more questions against...

- Complexity in structure

- Experimentation with language and form

- Use of allusions and paradoxes

- Use of myth and classical references

- Isolation

- Brokenness

- Nothingness

- Disintereste

Very Short Modernist Poems:-

1) " The Embankment" by T.E.Hulme:-

T.E. Hulme was influential poet and thinker in twentieth century. He revolutionized the way English poetry approached issues of rhyme,meter and imagery. " The Embankment"  is one of the best known poem. This poem has completed into 7 lines. According to my point of view In this poem has may be central thought is lust and falling of man. How any types of lust leads man towards the decayed. This types of addiction became man's life completely weak and dull. So that this types hopeless people prays to god for shelter. It means that here arise question of existence. Here I will add one more thing that in the poem may be that man wants to decide  to die because he doesn't bear himself and may be he wants to hide himself everywhere. In the poem I found some key points and  Symbols like as,

* Embankment:-  Hopeless people
* Gold Heels    :-  Ambition, Prostitution
* Blanket          :- Shelter, Hide, Protection

2) " Darkness" by Joseph Campbell:-

                               I stop to watch a star shine in the boghole –

                             A star no longer, but a silver ribbon of light.

                             I look at it, and pass on.

Campbell was an Irish poet writing  a similar kind of poetry to Hulme at around same time. Poetry doesn't come much more understated than this. This poem has completed into only 4 lines. According to my point of view I get some thing from title. Darkness also connected with death and something happening bad. Here I can say that Speaker will feel depression. As a part of depression Speaker face mental illness so that speaker don't like to see shining of stars but likes to see light. So that I have to say that this sky may be gives the feeling of boghole. Here I found some key points like as,

* Darkness :- Depression, Death, Negativity, Evilness, dullness
* Boghole   :- Which can't sustains the weight because of the softness. 
                        A hole or depression in a land surface having a miry or spongy bottom.
* Silver Ribbon :- Mental illness

3)" Image " by Edward Storer:-

   Edward Storer  was clearly influenced by Japanese form such as the haiku, This poem has completed into only 3 Lines also.According to my point of view in the short poem seems like as an image. We can't bind in one certain idea about any Image. but  here may be the Image of Sorrowful condition and everything looks like varnished. I can imagine that situation is became like as land of desert with full moon light. There are somebody on pyre and due to the lake of love and everyone certainly has payed the price.

* Moon :- As a land of Desert with full moon
* Pyre   :- Bad happening, Death, Drought,Loneliness

4) " In a station of the Metro":-

Pound arrived at this two lines poem after writing a much longer draft which he then cut down, line by line. The poem describes the sight of the crowd of commuters at the Paris Metro Station. In the poem using vivid and original image. So that this poem also based on imagination As the title suggested the image of Metro-station. There are crowded people and everyone rushing. This poem has completed in only 2 lines. In the poem Faces are compared with the petal of the black and wet bough. It means that after the rain when branches becomes black. Here I found some point like as,

* Apparition :-  Ghost, Imagery
* Petals :- Flowers, Faces
* Black and Wet Bough :-  After the rain

 5)The pool- by Hilda Dolittle

                                                          "Are you alive?

                                                           I touched you

                                                           you quiver trembling like a sea fish

                                                          I cover you with my net

                                                         What are you banded one?

 Very first line of the poem, 'Are you alive? arise the question of existence which is one of the important aspect of modern literature. People of modern time became like sea fish that they are controlled or bound by some chain that they can't free from them. The title "Pool" is also symbolize the stillness like water store in it which don't have flowness which is most important things in the life to flow from one to another.

 

Similar lines can be found in the poem "The Wasteland" by T.S.Eliot -

 "Are you alive or not?

Is there nothing in your head?" - Part 2

6) "Insouciance"- By Richard Aldington

                                           "In and out of the dreary trenches

                                            Trudging cheerily under the stars

                                            I make for myself little poems

                                           Delicate as a flock of dovesin 

                                          Thy fly away like white-winged Doves.

 This poem speaks about how people were living in modern age.  The word dreary trenches presents the loneliness in the life of modern people. In that isolation they try to relief themselves by writing down their feelings in a words. As poet says that, ‘I make for myself little poems’ through this poet express his feeling in isolation.

 * Imagination & Metaphor:-  Dreary Trenches, Flock of Doves, White winged dove

7) " Morning at the Window" by T.S.Eliot:-

Compared to Romanticists, its language & selection of word is totally different.The word 'Rattling' means vibrating, shaking plates and 'Damp' means in low spirits from loss of hope or courage.Their soul has become like Damp; lifeless.'Fog' is also negative word; it doesn't allow you to see the things clearly.'Twisted faces' also connotes negative sides 'tear' , 'Muddy skirt', 'Aimless smile' Most of the words are negative. This poem gives images and symbols of the dead spirit in people, doing everything aimlessly. Death of spirit can be seen.

* Basement
* Trampled edges
* Damp Soul
* Twisted faces
* Muddy Skirts
* An Aimless Smile

8) " The Red Wheelbarrow" by William Carlos Williams:-

It is most difficult poem for understanding. We can't say properly that this poem about for that.This poem is best example of Imagination and metaphor. " The Red Wheelbarrow " Which used in farming and for transferring something. Here poet try to used rural imagery. Here In the poem bird of White chicken comes near for look beauty of wheelbarrow. This poem has completed into 8 lines.

* Red Wheelbarrow
* White Chicken

9) " Anecdote of the jar " by Wallace Stevens:-

                                                 I placed a jar in Tennessee,  

                                                And round it was, upon a hill.  

                                                It made the slovenly wilderness  

                                                Surround that hill.

                                               The wilderness rose up to it,

                                               And sprawled around, no longer wild.  

                                               The jar was round upon the ground  

                                               And tall and of a port in air.

                                               It took dominion everywhere.  

                                              The jar was gray and bare.

                                              It did not give of bird or bush,  

                                             Like nothing else in Tennessee.

  Like a John Keats’s “The Grecian Urn”, this poem is also a exaggeration of the picture of jar. Thorough this poem poet also mocks on the industrialization of modern century. By using the metaphor jar poet provides us a vision to look at nature in a good manner.

* Jar :- Art, 
* Bush :- Recreation, Wilderness

10) " l " by E.E.Cummings:-

                                                     “A leaf falls with loneliness”

 This poem appeared in 1958 in Cummings' collection 95 poems, so it's really a late modernist work. Although it's nine line long, it's only contains four words - cleverly arranged so that  'a leaf falls' appears parenthetically within the word ' loneliness'. It was creative poem with imagination. In the poem few lines but it's gives the feeling of loneliness. It's good idea about one single leaf fall on the ground which make poem very interesting.

* leaf
* loneliness

Thank you....

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The Waste Land

The Waste Land :- 

THE WASTELAND By T.S.Eliot it shows the ruined image of society. The barreness of life and growth of only materialism leads toward the meaninglessness of life. "The Wasteland" by T.S. Eliot which is modern epic poem. It is devided in five parts.

1) What are your views on the following image after reading 'The Waste Land'? Do you think that Eliot is regressive as compared to Nietzsche’s views? or Has Eliot achieved universality of thought by recalling mytho-historical answer to the contemporary malaise?

The growth of any society is always like climbing the mountain. If you want to reach at top you have to keep moving forward. At middle way you cant decide to go back and start again it is better to go ahead as going back is also same difficult and unrewarding.

Yes I believe that Eliot’s idea of going back to Holy scriptures for finding solution of present malaises is regressive. As he himself given many examples of past myths and we have seen that what the problems we are facing in contemporary time same problems are existed in past and if there is permanent solution for these problems in scriptures, the problems would have been solved, but as the problems are still alive we should look for another way to solve it rather going back to the past.

In this matter I find Nietzsche’s concept of “Ubermensch” appropriate. As this concept talking about to have our own morality for the betterment of humanity and our self. The morality which generally accepted and not harmful for society. To have faith in our self make us more powerful to fight against the problems around us and to control our self. So as per my thinking it is better to find new solution rather than going back to the old ones as they will not work for contemporary time same as they didn’t work for old time.

Eliot stands for Regressive, backward looking as it tries to find answers of contemporary malaise in Upanishad, Buddhism and Christianity.

On the other side Nietzche stands for progressvie and forward looking, in giving solution to the problem of contemporary crises in faith and self.

In compared to Neitzche's thought, yes Eliot is regressive but it doesn't mean that he only rises question on his contemporary society, he also tries to give way of solution rather than the answers. Cycle of time always moving and when History start repeating one must have to look back and try to learn that what are mistakes our ancestor did and now when time comes to us how we will deal with it?
It is certain and right that new questions's answer we couldn't find in Upanishad, Buddhism and christinity but the way of living,understanding towards any situation one can devlop.
So we can conclude that it is also right that problems of contemporary crisis' solution is in faith and self but, the level of faith and understanding of self must be necessary. It comes from reading of mytho-historical and religious thought. Eliot achived that unversality of thought.

2) Prior to the speech, Gustaf Hellström of the Swedish Academy made these remarks:

What are your views regarding these comments? Is it true that giving free vent to the repressed 'primitive instinct' lead us to happy and satisfied life? or do you agree with Eliot's view that 'salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition'?

I am disagree with Eliot. By suppressing the desires or by controlling it the desire get more strong and it also affect at psychological level. It is better to give free vent to primitive instincts as Freud suggest to do. As now he cant satisfy his hunger he started killing girls and become serial killer. So we can see how suppression leads to the harsh endings. Though Dheeraj has inappropriate addiction which suppose to be controlled but he himself willingly and with understanding should do the needful but he is doing it with the wrong ideas in brain it turns out rude. So the desires which all normal human beings naturally have should not be suppressed. It is better to give free vent to the desires which leads to the happy and satisfactory life.

For Example of one letter fragment by Osho.

3) Write about allusions to the Indian thoughts in 'The Waste Land'. (Where, How and Why are the Indian thoughts referred?)

There are many reference to Indian spirituality in “The wasteland”.  Some of them are here.

1) The Fire Sermon

“The Fire Sermon” is also the name of one of sermon given by Buddha. Gayasisa or Brahmayoni hill, is the place where Buddha taught the fire sermon, in which Buddha preaches about achieving liberation from suffering through detachment from the five senses and mind.

Here Eliot gave same name to the third part of his poem. The whole poem describe the theme of sexual perversion and by referring to this sermon of Buddha because he also wants to convey a message to stay detached from all the senses.

2) River Ganga and Himalaya

"Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves Waited for rain, while the black clouds Gathered far distant, over Himavant."

River Ganga is known for its purity and also for purification. While Himalaya is known for spirituality and peace. Eliot finds the solution of all contemporary problems in spirituality. That is the reason he referrers Ganga and Himalaya here.

3) The Thunder

In Upanishad the Prajapati spoke the message of salvation through thunder which called “Akashvani”. Here Eliot also give reference to Thunder to convey that now the solution of all problems will be given by Thunder, that is the reason he gave name to his 5th part of poem “What the Thunder Said”.

"Rock and no water and the sandy road

The road winding above among the mountains"

 Climbing a painful mountain pass through pain and agony and after that you reach destination the feeling of Air is Shantih.

4) Three Da

1) Datta (Be a giver)
2) Dayadhvam (Empathize)

3) Damyata (Self control)

These three Da is spoken by Thunder. Which means this is the way of salvation. The first Da “Datta” means to give. Give sacrifice for others, and help each other. The second Da “Dayadhvam” means sympathies and empathies with others. Third Da “Damyata” means self control, control over the senses. According to Eliot this is the way one could get salvation.

5) Shantih mantra

The Shantih mantra is for inner peace, peace that passes understanding. Eliot ends his poem with this mantra and with hope. The hope of re-birth, end of modern malaises, and growth pf spirituality. To show the hope he ends this poem with Shantih mantra.

Thank you...

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Thinking Activity : Frame Study: Charlie Chaplin Films: The Modern Times and The Great Dictator

 The Great Dictator

                                Watching a film and Reading a film are two different ways. When we are watching film only for the sake of entertainment then it shows the aesthetics concern of literary art, and when we are reading films then theoretical approaches of literature helps us to make criticism of film. So, In this particular blog the writer's had taken a task to make the frame reading of Charlie Chaplin's movie 'The Great Dictator' through the lenses of Modernism.

                                Comedy is the best literary form to make satire or mockery of something. But, spreading a message with comedy and laughter is not an easy task. It demands a tremendous amount of work and critical thinking. And Charlie Chaplin as a comedian succeeded to deliver his message effectively.

                                The Great Dictator is one of his first movies with dialogues and Sound. It is a Political Satire designed with the reflection of comic elements. The film was written, directed, produced and starred by multidisciplinary expert Chaplin. The Film is also remembered for the historical significance. The film was also preserved by the National Film Registry of the United States in 1997, because….

           "The film is being culturally, aesthetically and historically significant."

         The film shows open condemnation of Anti-Semitism, Nazism and Fascism and support the struggle and desire of being free soul of Jewish Barbar, who wants the world where there is no descrimination, Every soul has Liberty and freedom to do what they want. The movie also successfully depicts the ill-treatment of Jewish people and cruelty of German officer's towards Jews during concentration.

 'The Great Dictator'

                                  This Image is the Shop of Jew. Now this particular frame demonstrates the Predominant Prejudice towards Jews. If we look at the historical context of why there is too much hatred towards Jews then we come to know that it is not Hitler who only hates Jews, But this kind of treatment towards Jews is from the Middle ages. You can see the below picture which is of 1353 - in which Burning of Jews is portrayed. They are blamed for the spread of The Great Plague in Europe which is also known as Black Death. 

                                   So, What this Frame explains is that, Tomainia is a country which is depicted in movies. In which if there is any shop of Jew then Authority overpowered that shop and can write that this is the Shop of Jew in a big 'Capital Words.' So, The movie try to condemned the very idea of Anti-Semitism.

                                     In order to gain favors and acceptance, politicians tend to touch the soft corners of public which is children. Such political stunts are still relevant in today's time. Politicians knows the mass psychology and also know how to win people's heart. In order to collect vote majority they follow such practices. The face of Hynkel shows the hypocrisy of politics.

Movie Review : 'Modern times'

                                     The social satire and slapstick comedy ‘Modern Times’ is written and directed by Charlie Chaplin. Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin popularly known as Charlie Chaplin was a British comedian, writer, and composer who is well remembered for his Tramp character. Despite the numerous hardships and struggles woven throughout his life, Chaplin made the world laugh without uttering a word.  He has significantly nurtured the form of silent film and transformed it into one of the prominent art forms. He is highly valued as the greatest comic artist and one of the most important figures in the history of cinema. Vachel Lindsay, the populist poet had described the greatness of Charlie by saying

                                                        “The cinema IS Chaplin”.

Modern Times

                         

                             From the literary point of view, the film ‘Modern Times’ has minimum dialogues but the direction and screen depict a lot.  The film encompasses under the genre of Modern Literature as it is experimentation with art. The tone is comic and tells a harsh fate and conditions to survive in an industrialized world. It is a classic comedy as it continues to capture attention and attract the audience till date. Chaplin portrays a factory worker, generous and thoughtful tramp and as the plot progresses he meets Gamin, an orphaned and poor girl and they encounter the hardships of surviving in joblessness, hunger for food and basic necessities.

                                As the film progress, one metaphor is used to depict the ‘Sheeple Mentality’ in modern days presenting the frame of a flock of sheep and comparing it with the people of modern times. On one hand, the flock of sheep requires one path leader so that the whole flock can follow similarly the humans are emerging from the subway. This is the novel idea of Chaplin says not to follow the crowd.

                                     Chaplin was ahead of his time, he showed Gamin as the breadwinner of the family while the tramp was in jail, and she preferred to work for both of them.  She is given a decent job of dancing in a restaurant and even she gets the tramp a nicer job. This is perhaps the masterstroke of Chaplin’s idea. But this steady job soon ends when the cops arrests Gamin. Chaplin truly has created a replica of the modern days.

                              The film ends in a symbolic way, it ends with dusk symbolizing hope with the following words.

                                 We can consider this frame by looking at the sentence, "Big Brother is Watching You." This sentence from the novel 1984 by George Orwell is evident in today's highly pressurized surveillance of today's bureaucracy. This surveillance system can be seen as dictatorial ruling in society. Half naked, muscled man recieving orders from suited and booted official. This scene makes one think that mind power is greater than muscles power. Moreover, one can say that money power is more greater.

                              Protest and agitation by working class people to get liberty. Here Charlie is holding a red flag which is of communist party which is represented as protesting for the rights of workers. This also connects with Marxism.

Hence, it can be metaphorically said that Charlie Chaplin's 'Modern Times' is a mirror of years of the Great Depression. The film becomes more meaningful now than it was in the twentieth as it reflects the historical fact of the age as well as relates to a phrase which says 'The text is historical, and history is textual'.

Citations-

• “Modern Times (Film).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 June 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_(film).

• "New to the National Film Registry (December 1997) – Library of Congress Information Bulletin." https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9712/nfr.html

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Thinking Activity : General characteristics of the Modern Literature :-

Modernism is a comprehensive movement which began in the closing years of the 19th century and has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20^th century. So first emerging generally question that what is modernism?  Where there begin first? Why is modernism important of literature? etc. There various question or thought arising our mind. So I think first let us discuses definition of modernism.

Definition of Modernism:

Modernism is a literary and cultural international movement which flourished in the first decades of the 20th century. Modernism is not a term to whicha single meaning can be ascribed. It may be applied both to the content and to the form of a work, or to either in isolation. It reflects a sense of cultural crisis which was both exciting and disquieting, in that it opened up a whole new vista of human possibilities at the same time as putting into question any previously accepted means of grounding and evaluating new ideas. Modernism is marked by experimentation, particularly manipulation of form, and by the realization that knowledge is not absolute.

Here most important things is cultural movement or humane relations connected to thought to represent many of creations.some point out important is modernism movement.

Ø Modernism is a comprehensive movement which began in the closing years of the 19^th century and has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20^th century. 

Ø  Reveals breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions, fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.

Ø  It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.

Ø  style or movement in the arts that aims to break with classical and traditional forms”

       When we are understood modernism that know for history is chief  features of in those time. Usually when modernism history seen that many year confusion that what a really start them? So first we saw how to start this  age and become to develop in world history.

History:

Ø First time period of this age approximately 1890-1950.

ØSome Poets started before 1890 in the post –Romantic period.

ØSome poets continued writing major work after world war -2

ØFocused in Europe and north America.

ØThe roots of Modernism emerged in the middle of the nineteenth century; and rather locally, in France, in literature and painting.

ØMany Major element are important in modernism but word war -2 reactions is more effectively. 

                     

In that two image about very vital role of history name was Fascism and Nazism. Fascism emerged country of Italia. Here most important element is Russian revolution (1917). Germany was is become went also important role of world war –II ;or world war –II  is a huge role of influence of literature writer or thinker of writing or reader.so we give need to  know some part of world war-II. 

When we are understood modernism that know for history is chief  features of in those time. Usually when modernism history seen that many year confusion that what a really start them? So first we saw how to start this  age and become to develop in world history.

Ø In the 1890s, a strand of thinking began to assert that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of simply revising past knowledge in light of current techniques.

Ø It was argued that, if the nature of reality itself was in question, and if restrictions which had been in place around human activity were falling, then art, too, would have to radically change.

ØThus, in the first 15 years of the twentieth century a series of writers, thinkers, and artists made the break with traditional means of organizing literature, painting, and music.

Modernism some important key of year needs to remember is very useful to knowing to history or exact time of literary writer write. I have put one image as like:

                         

General characteristics of the Age:

Poetry:

                                         

In this field poetry was recollected many item to represent human relation or thinking of God ,Nature, Social issue, or many other thinks Here I would like share image about Prominent  modern poets or they for remember

Symbolism: Symbolism in France began as a reaction against Naturalism and Realism, movements which attempted to objectively capture reality. The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meaning to objects, events or relationships.During the 20^th century the use of symbolism became a major force in British literature.  T. S. Eliot adapted it in the development of his individual style and praised it in his criticism.The most outstanding development of symbolism was in the art of the novel.

IMPRESSIONISM: The term ‘Impressionism’ comes from the school of mid- nineteenth century French painting. The impressionists made the act of perception the key for the understanding of structure of reality. They developed a technique by which objects were not seen as solids but as fragments of color which the spectator’s eye unified.It is representation of reality through impressions. I have put in image how are reflect this art with thought.

SURREALISM:  A 20th century aesthetic, artisticn and cultural movement developed in France that attempts to express the workings of sub-conscious mind.They focused upon using all forms of art as a means to express the real functioning of human mind.

EXISTENTIALISM: It is a concept that became popular during the Second World War in France. Existentialists believe that life is very difficult and that it doesn't have an "objective" or universally known value, but that the individual must create value by affirming it and living it, not by talking about it.

                                           
                                             

Experimentation:

Modernist writers broke free of old forms and techniques. Poets abandoned traditional rhyme schemes and wrote in free verse. Novelists defied all expectations. Writers mixed images from the past with modern languages and themes, creating a collage of styles. The inner workings of consciousness were a common subject for modernists. This preoccupation led to a form of narration called stream of consciousness, where the point of view of the novel meanders in a pattern resembling human thought. Authors James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, along with poets T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound are well known for their experimental Modernist works.

Longingness:

         

Longingness is at the root of modern literature. Modem poets express longingness of all kind in their poetry. Rupert Brooke’s Old vicarage is a cry of homesickness. John Masefield’s Seekers is the best example of the longing of man for God and the eternal city of light. The longingness is also evident in The Hollow men and The Waste Land of T. S. Eliot.

 

CONCLUSION:

The modern literature is different from other literature, it has come out of cruelty and bloodsheds, and it questions the existence of Humans and God too. It presents human life as it is. Modern literature is the true criticism of life.

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Indian Poetics

Indian Poetics:-

From the ages, different scholars have tried to defined Kavya in different manners. Among them all, scholars have tried to discover soul of Kavya. Kavya is just like that one cannot easily define or give any punctuation marks indeed it is the experience of enjoyment. Aristotle has defined in his Poetics but it rather deals with simply two aspects or Rasas pity and fear, while Indian Poetic is easy and yet much deeper Poetics. Different Scholars have introduced various mimansas about poetics. Western Poetics deals with the result of the poetry while Indian Poetics deals with process of poetry. In Indian Poetics, external tools can help to understand poetry. According to Indian Poetics  “Literary Criticism is Literary Philosophy.”

The Sanskrit word for literature is SAHITY, which etymologically means coordination, balance, concord and contact. In the Indian Poetics definition of literature defined as kavya as Aristotle defines “Poetics”.  It enhances beauty and worth  but there is spine line difference between Indian Poetics and Western Poetics.

Indian poems are based on Sanskrit poetry. Sanskrit poetry developed in all directions, like " Ramayana " and " Mahabharata ". Ramayana is written by "Valmiki" as the first poem in Sanskrit. Ramayana is not only hard work of valmiki but also composition of many different things. This way Mahabharata ,Slokas , Parvas , Vedas , Upnishadas are also very important in literature. 

In Indian Poetic Bharatmuni ,Panini,Kalidas,Kuntaka , Bhamaha and many other great poets who wrote about the history and about the culture of India. 

Schools	Founder	Text In which School is introduced
School Of RASA	Bharatamuni	Natyashashtra
School of ALAMKARA	Bhamaha	Kavyalamkar
School of RITI	Vamana	Kavyalamkarasutra
School of DVANI	Anandvrdhana	Dhvnyaloka
School of VAKROKTI	Kuntaka	Vakroktijivit
School of AUCITYA	Kshemendra	Aucityavichara

(1) School of Alamkara

Bhamaha is the first who introduced alamkara poetics. Second and third chapter of KAVYALLAMKARA deals with 35 figures of speech.

 

Previously the science of poetics was known as alamkara-shastra. Though there were  rasa ,guna, riti, the importance was given to almkara and thus the whole science was called as alamkara-shastra.  When the dhvani school becomes dominating this name seems to be improper. Then this science called as 'Sahityshastra.

The original meaning of the word alamkara is ornament and the same meaning is reflected in this term alamkara- shastra or kavyashastra “ the science of that particular element which adorns the poetry.”         

 Alamkara as a school:

                                     

         Bhamaha is considered as a founder of this school. Udbhatta, Dandi, Rudrata, Jayadeva all these are the followers of this school. This school believes that there is rasa(emotion), riti ( a special style of writing) in the kavya (poetry) but the alamkara is  dominating feature of it.

 

Definition of alamkara:

The word is derived from the root Kr with the prefix alam. Which means to decorate, to   adorn. {Alamkaroti iti alamkarah.

- Various definitions of Alamkara

Þ   Vamana says in his “Kavyalamkarasutra”, “Saundaryam Alamkarah”{Beauty is alamkara}.

Þ   Dandi says in his “Kavyadarsha”, “ Kavya shobhakaran dharman alamkaran prachakshate”. (Those things which decorate the poetry are called alamkara.)

                  In this definition of almakara has described that there was use of language its idea about poet and poetry of art and many concept of magician of language and very important part of literature. Some critic believe that poet psyche is ‘ALMAKAR’ and there   followers rely trust of use of almakara language. Poem does not interest without Almkara.

" Bhamaha " is the first Alamkara poetician. In chapters 2 and 3 of  " Kavyalamkara "he describes 24 figures of speech. There are two types of Alamkaras.

Alamkara
Arthalamkara	Shbdalamkara
Vastava (Realistic)	Swdt (Eluviation)
Anupamaya (Comparison)	Slesa (paronomasia)
Astisaya (Exaggeration)	Citra (Pectoris)
Slesa (Coalescence)	Yamaka (Repetition)
	Anuprasa (Alliteration)

Mammata enumerates sixty-one figures and groups them into seven types like…

1.Upma(simile)

2.Rupaka(Metaphor)

3.Aprastuta Prasmsa(Indirect decription)

4.Dipaka(Stringed figures)

5.Vyatreka(Dissimilitude)

6.Virodha(Contradiction)

7.Samuccaya(Concatenation)

(2)School of Riti

Riti is the way of presentation or the style of presentation. He is one who developed it into a theory of “Vishista Padrracana” . Riti is a formation of arrangement of marked inflected constructions.  Vamana’s scheme of the Gunas can tabulated thus:

Sabda Gunas	Artha Gunas
Ojas or compactness of word structure	Ojas or maturity of conception
Prasad or laxity of structure	Prasads, clearness  of meaning by avoidance of superiority
Kanti or brilliance	Kanti or prominence of Rasas

•  four types of styles.

Types of styles

Vaidrbhi style

Panchali style

Gaudi style

Lati style

Vamana took the ten gunas of Bharata and Dandi but hr traced all gunas separately as belonging to the expression and as belonging to the meaning thus masking their number twenty. He defined them in his own way to suit his theory of Riti and stated that at the gunas existed clearly and fully in the Vaidarbha riti which only a few of them exited in other ritis.

To the early styles vaidarbha and gaudiya style of ancient writers. Vamana added a third one called Panchali all these are geographical names and suggest the style popular in those regions and he defines these ritis in his own way:

      

  i.  Vaidarbha: According to vamana vaidarbha is that style which is untouched by even the slightest blemish, which is full of all the qualities and which is a scoot as the lute.

 

 ii. Gaudiya style: The gaudiya style is characterized by Ojas and Kanti but it devoid of madhurya and  saukumaryo it is full of long  compound and bombastic words.

iii. Panchali : Panchali is the style which has the qualities of Madhurya  and saukumarya and is devoid of ojas and kanti. It is soft and resemble the puranic style.

              In their all of over things like that very interesting way of vamanna explain that how can poet make in common to different way of thinking. The Riti School developed by vamana was a serious attempt in this direction on all later critics.There theory is also useful to poetic version of totally depend not on one things but many things and some abstract is very important   Role of model.

(3) School of Dvani

Dhvani means The suggestive quality of poetic language. Another regards to this sense of poetry next school of thinkers, known as SCHOOL OF DVANI headed by Anandbardhan. He points that it is not the literal, simple or direct and referential meaning that poetry properly expresses, but it suggests indirect and emotive meaning. Hence, through the words of a poem must be given their due importance and the same with regard to the literal sense the denote, yet both the words and their direct meaning to express itself. The theory proposed in Dhvnyaloka by Anabdvardhana is known as the name of “Dhvani”. ‘Dhvnyaloka’  is itself a huge compendium of poetry and poetics.

.   Dhvani is inoexiatent.

·   Dhvani is something beyond the realm of words.

·   Dhvani is a product of inference and is to be include under Lksana.

(1)Abhidha – Direct meaning

(2)Lakshna – We have direct meaning but we have to take another one.

(3)Vyanjana – There is the existence of direct meaning yet we have to use another meaning of word.

Here very most important things these theory of basic idea about which sound and words use of equally to create to poet that time ones things growth to in his poetry and play.  It is symbolical language of sound and words and music is also including them. Andhvardahn very naturally decreeing of upper or lower division of sound or words to spoken by man.

Their division are beautifully contrast of Anandvardhana abd he has main chiefly explain that all poetry and  literature when writing that w.riter was establish his naturally something’s with different type use of language and then time all three things are developing .

                                          

 The intonation adds a layer of suggested meaning to the directly expressed meaning of an utterance:

(4)School of Vakrokti

Kuntaka is known as the orinator of this Sanskrit literary theory. Vakrokti is a theory of poetry which perceiveives poetry essentially in terms of the language of its expressions. Here Vakrokti turns into beauty.

Vakrokti is theory of language of literature. KUNTANK was father of this theory and development of idea about simple and different way of performance.

Vakrokti :-  Vakra  +  Ukti

Vakra :- Crooked indirect or unique.

Ukti :- Poetic expression or speech

According to Kuntaka it would be too fastidious to expect any single standard applicable to the appeal of all poetry because there can be a hundred and one different reason for the peal of different poems to men of taste.For kantaka even dhvani may be one of the important features for the expression of the poets’ Pratibha or genius.

Vakrokti of kuntaka is a synonym for the principles of beauty underlying all kinds of poetic language. It is also strongly connected with vaichitrya (streakiness) and vichchitti (beauty).

                                                   

Here main important point out that this theory is assumed the Poetry is soul is ‘Vakrokti’.And that time founder of this theory Kunatank & Bhamah believe that many make of language does appreciate and collaboration to connected to words and vocabulary.

Kuntaka has classified forms of vakrokti in six fold.

1. Varna: shabdalankaras & avana - guna

2. Padopurvardha: suggestive use of linguistic elements  & gunas

3. Pratyaya: suggestive use of affixes etc....

4. Vakya: figures of sense

5. Prakarama: episode in plot with unity and originality

6. Prabandha: whole plot

Here in Vakrokti " Six Gunas " ( Qualities ) are identified in literary style.

1. Aucitya

2. Saubhagya

3. Madhurya

4. Prasada

5. Lavanya

6. Abhijatya

                         In the conclude that this theory approach was many controversies work of art and literature that Acharya Bhamah to be noted than:

                                              सैषा सर्वत्र वक्रोक्तिरनयाsर्थो विभाव्यते ।

                                              यत्नोsस्यां कविना कार्यं कोsलंकारोsनया विना ।।

Here this Sanskrit Sentence get meaning of  that vakrokti theory is subdivision of Almakara school so Fact  that there theory is depended upon to Almakara theory.

(5)School of Aucitya

Kshemendra’s discussions of the principle of Aucitya is from the point of view of both the writer and the reader and is articulated in its given cultural and philosophical context. Kshemendra made aucitya spine elements of literarinmess. He defines aucitya as the property of an expression being an exact and appropriate analogue of the expressed.

 The concept of propriety with reference to custom, subject, characters and sentiment recourse in almost all theorists and is often discussed in association with figures of speech, guan, dosa and rites.

 Acharya Ksemendra was main founder of this theory and his books ‘AUCHITYAVICHARCHRCHA’ that his acceptable of ‘Poem Atama’s  as a Achitya’.

That means poetry should be made by vastu,rasa,dhvani,and all over things were important but only for appreciable Achitya. If the poetry repentance of without almakara, guna, that  not for good qualities but very poor things of reproduce. Anandavardhana relates this principle specifically to rasa. It has been used for propriety in delineating bhavas according to character and in the choice of margas.

(6)School of Rasa

Bharatamuni is the one who first gave Indian Mimansa.Acoording to him, language and voice are very different and just because of this it is impossible to settle everything in language as language is immortal while emotions/Bhavas are mortal. Rasa is spine of the poetry. Rasa theory is superior among all theories.

T. N. Shreekantaiyya says that, “The principle of Rasa is the very central part of Indian poetics. It is the nectar that founders or thinkers have obtained after churning the ocean of poetry.”

What is RASA? 

“A blending of various Bhavas arise certain emotion, accomplice by thrill and a sense of joy is Rasa.” In the sixth chapter of Natyashashtra he explains NATYARASA and RASA as the soul of poetry. 

                                                        विभावानुभावव्याभिचारी संयोगात रसनिष्पत्ति । 

He has mentioned nine Rasas in Natysastra with its colour and god.

श्रृंगार-वीर-करुणाद्भुत-हास्‍य-भयानका: । 

    बीभत्‍सरौद्रौ शान्‍तश्‍च रसा: नव प्रकीर्तिता: ।।

Sentiments	Bhavas
Erotic	Attractiveness
Comic	Mirth
Furious	Furg
Pathetic	Tragedy
Odious	Aversion
Heroic	Heroic Mood
Bhayanaka	Horror
Adbhutam	Wonder
Shantam	Peace

Worthy to note that RASA comes out only because of these four BHAVAS Vibhav, Anubhav,  Sancharibhav, Sthayibhav and Sthayibhav. Natysastra is foundation of fine arts in India.

Vibhav	Anubhav	Sancharibhav	Sthayibhav
Emotions arises because of Vibhav	Reaction of Bhavaka	Comes and go	Mirth, love, sorrow etc.

There are four critics of Bharatmuni’s  Rasa theory and they have increased this concept.

Four Critics of RASA theory
Bhatta Lollata	Creationism
Shree Shankuka	Permissiveism
Bhatta Nayaka	Nepotism
Abhinavagupta	Expressionism

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