Future of postcolonial studies
Hello Friends!
Today I'm going to write about Thinking Activity of Future of Postcolonial Studies : Globalization and Environmentalism given by our Professor Dr. Dilip Barad sir. So let's see...
About Ania Loomba
Ania Loomba is an Indian literary scholar. She is the author of Colonialism/Postcolonialism and works as a literature professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
Famous Work of Ania Loomba
- Postcolonial Studies and Beyond. Permanent Black. New Delhi 2006 - Published together with Suvir Kaul, Matti Bunzl, Antoinette Burton and Jed Esty.
- Colonialism / Postcolonialism. 1998
- Postcolonial Shakespeares. 1998
- Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism. Oxford 2002
- Loomba, Ania: "Remembering Said." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. No. 23, Numbers 1 & 2, 2003, (MUSE)
What is Colonialism ?
Colonialism is the practice of establishing territorial dominion over a colony by an outside political power characterized by exploitation, expansion, and maintenance of that territory. The indigenous people suffer in the hands of the colonizer where they are subjected to hard labor and restriction in trading.
What is Post Colonialism ?
Post-colonialism or postcolonial studies is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands.
1) Conclusion : Globalization and the Future of Post Colonial studies.
The article started with Anti-colonialism-British Raj-English language these are all related to Western Religion, Western Culture, Western Literature. It is began from 1998-2005. Article also started with the 9/11 attack in the America that is terror Attack (11th september, 2001). Two couple Buildings attached by terrorist and they hyjeck the plane.
We can also seen that 3rd attack in Pentagon at 09:37 AM and Cold War between USSR -USA.
Post colonial study is the very violent events like this is also a part of the phenomenon we think of as globalisation.In this article Anina Loomba has also mentioned important critics of Globalisation and some are in favoured of globalisation.
• Michel Hardt & Antonio Negri : 'Empire'
Michel Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire argues that the contemporary global order has produced a new form of sovereignty which should be called 'Empire' but which is best understood in contrast to European empires:
In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely boundaries or barriers. It is a decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers. Empire manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command. The Distinct national colors of the imperial map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow. (Hardt and Negri 2000:Xiii-Xiii)
Hardt and Negri do not identify the United States as this new power, although they do argue that 'Empire is born through the global expansion of the internal US constitutional project', a project which sought to include and incorporate minorities into the mainstream rather than simply expel or exclude them (182).
• Arjun Appaduraj - " Modernity at Large"
In Arjun Appadurai's Modernity at Large, catalogues of 'multiple locations' and new of communication, new foods, new clothes and new patterns of consumption are offered as evidence for both the newness and the benefits of globalisation.
• Simon Gikandi - "Globalization and the claim of Post colonialist".
Simon Gikandi astutely observes that despite the fact that globalisation is so often seen to have made redundant the terms of postcolonial critique, the radical newness of globalisation is in fact asserted by appropriating the key terms of postcolonial studies such as 'hybridity' and 'difference', terms which were shunned by earlier generation of social scientists. As he also points out, 'it is premature to argue that the images and narratives that denote the new global culture are connected to a global structure or that they are disconnected from earlier or older forms of identity. In other words, there is no reason to suppose that the global flaw in images has a bomological connection to transformation in social or cultural relationships'. (Gikandi 2001: 632; emphasis added)
• Etienne Balibar - Racism and Nationalism
For Balibar, the new racial ideologies are not less rigid simply because they invoke culture instead of nature; rather, we see today that 'culture can also function like a nature' and can be equally pernicious (Balibar 1991a: 22).
• Samuel Huntington - Clash of Civilization
Samuel Huntington's rhetoric of the 'Clash of Civilizations' and medieval anti-Semitism and Islamophobia (Lambert 2004). Early modern views modern views of Muslims and Jews are also important in reminding us that 'culture' and 'biology' have in fact never been neatly separable categories, and that strategies of inclusion and exclusion have always worked hand in hand.
Thus it is no accident that it is Muslims who are regarded as barbaric and given to acts of violence and Asians who are seen as diligent but attached to their own rules of business and family, both modes of being which are seen as differently incommensurate with the Western world.
• P.Sainath - "And Then There was The Market"
P.Sainath observes, far from fostering ideological openness, has resulted in its own fundamentalism, which then catalyses others in reaction :
Market fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, religious and other boundaries. It's as much at home in Moscow as in Mumbai or Minnesota. A South Africa - whose advances in the early 1990s thrilled the world-moved swiftly from apartheid to neo-libral-ism. It sits as easily in Hindu, Islamic or Christian societies. And it contributes angry, despairing recruits to the armies of all religious fundamentalism. Based on the premise that the market is the solution to all the problems of the human race, it is, too, a very religious fundamentalism. It has its own Gospel: The Gospel of St. Growth, of St. choice...
Argument between Indian Research Group
The great range of actual measures carried on under the label of glob- alization .. were not those of integration and development. Rather they were the processes of imposition, disintegration, underdevelop- ement and appropriation. They were of continued extraction of debt servicing payments of the third world; depression of the prices of raw materials exported by the same countries; removal of tariff protection for their vulnerable productive sectors; removal of restraints on for- eign direct investment, allowing giant foreign corporations to grab larger sectors of the third world's economies; removal of restraints on the entry and exit of massive flows of speculative international capital, allowing their movements to dictate economic life; reduction of State spending on productive activity, development and welfare; privatization of activities, assets and natural resources, sharp increases in the cost of essential services and goods such as electricity, fuel, health care, education, transport, and food (accompanied by the harsher depression of women's consumption within each family's declining consumption); withdrawal of subsidized credit earlier directed to starved sectors; dismantling of workers' security of employment; reduction of the share of wages in the social product; suppression of domestic industry in the third world and closures of manufacturing firms on a massive scale; ruination of independent small industries; ruination of the handicrafts/handloom sector; replacement of subsis- tence crops with cash crops; destruction of food security.
(Research Unit for Political Economy, 2003: n.p.)
Examples :-
1) Maggi Controversy
This we can see as a dark side or down side of the globalization. Because directly it has create an impact on Nestle Company.
If you want to know that why it is banned india?Click here
2) Tiger movie
Dying of artificial milk. This is what was happening in the 90’s in Pakistan, where formula was proposed in bad faith as the more modern and healthier alternative to breast milk. Tigers, the movie by the director Danis Tanovic (Oscar in 2002 for No Man’s Land), tells the real story of the former Nestlé salesman Syed Aamir Raza, who denounced the multinational’s criminal marketing policies, paying the price in terms of professional and personal consequences. The “Tigers” were those expert salesmen that were trained to convince people to stop breast feeding because it was described as an archaic and obsolete practice, in favour of artificial milk, which was strongly incentivised to doctors through samples, dinners, travels, and other benefits offered by the company.
3) PEPSI Company
Reluctant Fundamentalism the conflict between market fundamentalism and religious fundamentalism in the aftermath of 9/11
Sonali cable - conflict between a girl who runs local tv/internet cable service vs giant company 'Shining' which started providing broadband.
Ghayal Once Again Again - the conflict of younsters who witnessed Murder of RTI activist against multi-business owner Bansal (represents Ambanis)
Madaari - The conflict between common man (father whose child died in bridge crash) and nexus between construction company and politicians.
Rang De Basanti - A nexus between politician and businessman vs young college boys (one them has to murder his own father who was corrupt businessman before murdering the politician)
2. CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES.
The article starts with the practitioner of Postcolonial studies like Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,
"No longer have a Postcolonial perspective.I think Postcolonial is the day before yesterday".(Spivak:2013: 2)
🟦Vandana Shiva: Environmental Activist
She exposed the connection between colonialism and the destruction of environmental according to her culture is very women- friendly.
According to Ramachandra Guha and Jaun Martinez-Alier,
In india the Narmada Bachao Aandolan led widespread protests against a project,funded by multinational as well as indigenous capital.And it's just not damage only ecology but the displacement of thousands of tribal peoples all across the Narmada Valley.
🟦 Arundhati Roy
She reminds us that tribal people in central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries.
In that Luxemburg's ideas remain important today for two reasons.
1.She alert us to the deep historical connection between trade and colonialism.
2.She reminds us that accumulation is a constant process rather than a past event.
#Globalisation is a spectacular display of the energy of capital as it moves across the world in seach of new markets and new raw materials,goodand labour,while there is certainly a redefinition of older colonial and neo-colonial boundaries through this process, the newer divisions build on former patterns of dispossession. Because it is an ongoing process, David Harvey suggests that we redefine ‘primitive accumulation’ as ‘accumulation by dispossession’ (2005: 144).
🟦 According to Harvey,
All the features of primitive accumulation that Marx mentions have remained powerfully present with capitalism’s historical geography until now. Displacement of peasant populations and the formation of a landless proletariat has accelerated in countries such as Mexico and India in the last three decades, many formerly common property resources, such as water, have been privatised (often at World Bank insistence) … alternative (indigenous and even, in the case of the United States, petty commodity) forms of production and consumption have been suppressed. Nationalised industries have been privatised. Family farming has been taken over by agribusiness. And slavery has not disappeared (particularly in the sex trade).
(Harvey 2005: 145–46)
Chakrabarty conceds that,
Climate change, refracted through global capital, will no doubt accentuate the logic of inequality that runs through the rule of capital; some people will no doubt gain temporarily at the expense of others. But the whole crisis cannot be reduced to a story of capitalism. Unlike in the crises of capitalism, there are no lifeboats here for the rich and the privileged (witness the drought in Australia or recent fires in the wealthy neighborhoods of California).
(Chakrabarty 2009: 221)
He also insist that we will have to abandon our previous conceptions of human freedom that entitled thinking about the injustice, oppression, inequality,or even uniformity foisted on them by other human or human made system.
🟦Ian Baucon observes that a 'new universaliam: the universalism of species thinking' is being proposed here.
Ania Loomba has also discussed some recent scholarship and political movements that show why the colonial past and the globalised present are deeply interconnected.
Examples
Sardar Sarovar Dam,Narmada river
💠Dhruv Bhatt's Tatvamasi
The novel remain totally aloof from the agitation in the villages and around Narmada Dam by school activities.
Dhruv Bhatt belongs to Bhat those witers who may not be considered as the historians,the interpreter of contemporary culture and the prophets of their people.such writers do not concern themselves with social themes.
We can say that his concern is more spiritual in his writing and completely forgot about social realism.
💠Film:Sherni
This movie discusses how one tiger is stuck between that place where industrial development was grown up. The story goes like this tiger became the talk of town and politicians use this for upcoming elections. One forest officer called Vidhya tries to save a tiger and send them to a zoo and one professor helped her and at the climax of the movie we found that at the middle there is a mill. Tiger is not able to across it and that’s why she stuck.
Film:Avatar
💠Film:Planet of the Apes
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