• Narrative style in Frankenstein.

• Introduction.

There are many types of literature that are considered narratives, including novels, dramas, fables, Falk tales, short stories and poetry.

Narrative techniques provide deeper meaning for the reader and help the reader in use of imagination to visualize situations. Narrative literary techniques it also known as a literally device. literally elements in narratives include such thing as the setting, plot, theme, style or structure, characters and perspective or voice of story. There are many literary techniques chosen to tell a story. Common techniques relevant to plot, which is the sequence of events that make up a narrative include backstory, flash back, flash forward, and foreshadowing. Narrative perspective or who is telling the story, include first person , second person, third person and third person omniscient and it can be recognized simple question that Who tells story to whom?

Marry Shelly’s writing style in Frankenstein is quite interesting . Outside of her beautifully eloquent language, Shelly’s creative narrative point of view is so concise the many readers tend to forget that Robert Walton is true singular narrator.

• Frame Narratives

Frankenstein is both a frame narrative and a story within a story. A frame story begins and ends in the same place, and A story within a story is seen through Walton’s telling of Victor’s telling of the creature’s story.

Walton’s perception of victor as great, noble man ruined by the events described in the story adds to the tragic conclusion of the novel. Framing Narratives within narratives not only allows the reader to hear the voice of all of the main characters, but also provides multiple views of the central characters. Walton see Victor is a noble, tragic figure; Frankenstein sees himself as an overly proud and overly ambitious victim of fate ; the Monster sees Frankenstein as a reckless creator, too self centered to care for his creation. Similarly , while Walton and Frankenstein deem the Monster a malevolent, insensitive brute, the monster casts himself as a martyred classical hero. Monster reassumes control of the narrative from Walton ensures that, after Victor’s death and even after his own , the struggle to understand who or what the monster really is – Adam or Satan, tragic victim or arch – villain- will go on.

Thus , Shelly invented her own a hybrid of ‘Chinese box’, or ‘Box within Box’ point of view style, which is also known as framed narratives. Story is transmitted from the monster to Victor, from victor to Walton and from Walton to his sister at which point The Reader finally gains access to it. This way narrative style is layered Narrative this layering of stories which stories enables the reworking of familiar ideas in a new contexts. however, one can also explore whether the structure of the novel itself helps in explain these narratives parallels.

• Importance of Letters in narratives, the novel opens with four letters written by Walton to his sister, Mrs. Saville. The letters are written in first person , at the end of letter four, Walton agrees to hear the stranger’s tale and story begins. The same way Letters by Elizabeth is also important in narration of victor’s family while he was away from Geneva.

FRAME NARRATIVE

A frame narrative is a literary technique used to contain an embedded narrative, a story within a story, to provide the reader withcontext about the main narrative. A frame narrative, also known as a framing narrative or a frame story, might be found in the beginning, middle or end of the story. It can also act like a link that connects many stories together

The Frame Narrative in Frankenstein :Frankenstein uses a double frame structure, with Walton telling the story of his encounter with Frankenstein, who, in turn, tells thestory of his disastrous experiment, and within that includes a retelling of the Creature's own story.This use of the frame narrative achieves a number of effects, influencing how we read and understand the text, and alsoinfluencing our emotional response to the characters and narrators.1.Firstly, the fact that the stories of all three narrators seem to concur adds credibility to the narrative. This is, however, deceptive,as each narrator is able to give his own view of events without danger of contradiction - all three are together only after the deathof Frankenstein. In addition to this, both Frankenstein and Walton are able to edit not only their own stories but those of the'framed' narrator(s). We have, really, only Walton's version of events - he gives his version of Frankenstein's version of theCreature's version of his story - and we are under no obligation to believe Walton.Cynicism aside, it seems reasonable to accept the majority of Walton's account - we are given no reason to do otherwise. Cautionmust be exercised, however, when it comes to Walton's descriptions of Frankenstein; Walton is clearly heavily under the influenceof Frankenstein's exceptional charm and charisma, and lavishes upon him a praise which many readers would find difficult tounderstand.2. The second effect of the frame narrative is that it provides us with a number of perspectives, giving more than one version ofthe truth. Remembering that we remember that the narratives of the Creature and Frankenstein are coloured by the retelling oftheir tales, we are presented with three different personal views on the story.Whilst we are encouraged by each narrator to believe his narrative, and sympathise with him and his concerns, this is quiteobvious, and so the reader is empowered to select a viewpoint, either from the three given, or by constructing a new, personalopinion on the story and characters. This then leads the reader to become engaged, and perhaps even immersed in the story,helping Shelley to achieve her purposes: to horrify and to generate thought on a number of social, moral, religious and politicalissues. The empowerment of the reader, giving the freedom to choose what to accept and find sympathetic, carries with it theresponsibility to develop a personal view on these issues.3.This use of the frame narrative to provide different viewpoints gives its third effect: to bring the use of foil characters to theattention of the reader. Frankenstein uses a number of foils, all of whom are used to demonstrate Frankenstein's inadequacies andfailings as a human being:

• The Creature himself, especially if he is Frankenstein's double, serves to show that Frankenstein had good innate within him, but (willfully or accidentally) turned from it. The Creature and Frankenstein seem to have only one measure of humanity betweenthem, and as the Creature becomes increasingly human (even with all the attendant vices that implies), Frankenstein becomesincreasingly monstrous. The Creature uses reason to get what he wants (initially at least); Frankenstein uses hysterical threatening.The Creature performs altruistic actions; Frankenstein is the epitome of egocentrism.

• Walton serves to show what Frankenstein was beforehe was perverted by his blind attachment to science. The novel begins asWalton is treading a knifeedge between sane, rational normality and wild, driven ambition - Frankenstein's warning to him seemsto succeed, and he is prevented from taking a similarly destructive path.

• Henry Clerval is the exact opposite of Frankenstein in almost every way. Whilst he also wishes to study and to acquire knowledge, his motives seem to be less selfish than Frankenstein's - it is difficult to see how a desire to master foreign languagescould lead to an all consuming and destructive ambition. Clerval is calm; Frankenstein raves madly. Clerval is caring;Frankenstein seems unable to sympathise with others, much less to empathise. Clerval is chivalrous and well-mannered;Frankenstein's selfishness prevents him from behaving in anything other than a callous and rude fashion. Clerval is interested in poetry; Frankenstein is interested in nothing but science. Clerval is a dedicated Romantic; Frankenstein is still lost in theworldliness of the Enlightenment. represents procreation and sexuality, which serves to highlight the wrong Frankenstein has done in creating life without theinvolvement of a woman, and also shows his odd rejection of mature sexuality.Multiple Perspectives :One thing a frame narrative does is change the point of view from which the story is presented. In other words, a frame narrative offers the reader multiple points of view within the same story. For example, in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein,” the narrator, whois also a character within the story, tells the story that makes up the novel. The effect is that the reader is presented with multiple perspectives of the story within one text, and these multiple perspectives provide the reader with more information about thecharacters including their motivations, thoughts and feelings.Multiple Stories :A frame narrative also allows the writer to incorporate a set of smaller narratives into one overall story. In general, a story within a

main story is used to sum up some aspect of the framing story. For example, in “The Book of the One Thousand and One Nights,” the narrator, who is also a character in the story, relates a number of fairy tales to another character. The overall effect of this typeof frame narration is to tie all of the stories together to present the reader with one collection of related tales.Multiple Levels of Meaning :Overall, frame narratives are used to provide the reader with multiple levels of meaning. Whether a narrative contains oneembedded narrative or a series of related stories, the framing of a narrative creates opportunities for multiple levels ofinterpretation. For instance, a frame may expand or shrink the distance between the reader and the story, change the reader’s senseof what is and what is not important, or imply certain sociological, political or ethical consequences that reach beyond the text intothe outside world. All of these effects of frame narratives give stories different levels of meaning .Finally, the frame narrative reinforces the message of the text - anyone behaving like Frankenstein will come to no good - byhaving the entire story told in the barren wastes of the Arctic. There is no life, and therefore symbolically no hope forFrankenstein, at the beginning, and we are reminded of this when Walton's narrative resumes at the end. Frankenstein had failedand was at death's door as the narrative began - we were presented with this 'warning' at the beginning of the text, as well as its being shown to us more directly and in greater detail at the end.

• Conclusion

Each narrator in the story adds piece of information that only he knows; Walton explain the circumstances of victors last days; Victor explain his creation of The Monster and The Monster explain his turn to Evil. The difference in perspective between the narrator or sometime Stark especially since Victor and the monster standing opposition of each other for much of the novel.

From victors point of view the monster is nothing but a hideous and evil creature, from the monster account on the other hand it becomes clear that he is a thinking, feeling and emotional being.
The recounting of the murder of William Frankenstein is a prime example of the impact of perspective while victors description colored by the emotional letter from his father, focuses on the absolute evil of the act, the Monster’s versions of events centers on the emotional circumstances surrounding it. Even if one cannot sympathize with the monster one can at least understand his actions this kind of dual narration is one of the more interesting consequence of the complicated narrative structure that Shelly implements in her novel.