post-truth word of the year 2016

Oxford Dictionaries has declared "post-truth" as its 2016 international word of the year, reflecting what it called a "highly-charged" political 12 months.

It is defined as an adjective relating to circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than emotional appeals.

Its selection follows June's Brexit vote and the US presidential election.

Oxford Dictionaries' Casper Grathwohl said post-truth could become "one of the defining words of our time".

Post-truth, which has become associated with the phrase "post-truth politics", was chosen ahead of other political terms, including "Brexiteer" and "alt-right" from a shortlist selected to reflect the social, cultural, political, economic and technological trends and events of the year.

what is a post-truth world ?

Post-truth : Here are some fakes we debunked earlier

• Denzel Washington did not praise Donald Trump
• How to spot a fake US election claim
• No, this video is not live from the ISS
• And this one wasn't live , either

Here such example of post truth :

'Spasms of history'

Dr Claire Hardaker, lecturer in forensic linguistics at Lancaster University, said "freak moments" that get people talking were key to the creation of new words.

"When you look back at the dictionary, you get some words that are a spasm of history and they very quickly fall out of use," she said. "They are fashionable, they are trendy and they die.

"Others live on and become part of our language. But it is very unpredictable."

why post-truth is word of the year 2016

The 2016 shortlist

Adulting :

The practice of behaving in a way characteristic of a responsible adult, especially the accomplishment of mundane but necessary tasks

Alt-right :

An ideological grouping associated with extreme conservative or reactionary viewpoints, characterized by a rejection of mainstream politics and by the use of online media to disseminate deliberately controversial content

Brexiteer :

A person who is in favour of the UK withdrawing from the European Union

Chatbot :

 A computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially over the internet

Coulrophobia - Extreme or irrational fear of clowns

Glass cliff :

 Used with reference to a situation in which a woman or member of a minority group ascends to a leadership position in challenging circumstances where the risk of failure is high

Hygge : A quality of cosiness and comfortable conviviality that engenders a feeling of contentment or well-being, regarded as a defining characteristic of Danish culture

Latinx : A person of Latin American origin or descent, used as a gender-neutral or non-binary alternative to Latino or Latina

Woke : Originally in African-American usage meaning alert to injustice in society, especially racism

428 words 2,748 characters

SR : Postcolonialism - By Bill Ashcroft

Postcolonialism:-

           The Colonialism is the policy of a country seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of  economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their religion, language, economics, and indigenous peoples. The foreign administrators rule the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to benefit from the colonised region's people and resources.

        

                     Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonised people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonised population, the colonisers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule.

 Summary:-  

              "One of the most exiting features of  English literature today is the explosion of post-colonial literatures written in English in formerly colonised societies. This field has given rise to a great range of theoretical ideas, concepts, problems and debates, and these have been addressed in a great range of articles, essays, talks and books published or written from every continent. This book brings together a selection of these theoretical issues in a way that indicates and celebrates the immense diversity of post-colonial theory. As such it will be an indispensable volume for students, teachers, researchers and theorists, and anybody interested in field." "The uniqueness of this volume is in its range and comprehensiveness. By bringing together nearly ninety extracts from over fifty different writers, it demonstrates the vast spread of post-colonial theory, the degree to which such theory is emerging outside the metropolitan intellectual centres, and the significance such theory has in the practical political issues of living in this range of societies. This book makes accessible the full range of post-colonial theory, which otherwise would be either difficult or impossible for students, teachers or researchers to fully utilize." 

  Critical note:- 

               Postcolonial criticism is an examination is an examination of the history, culture, and especially literature of cultures of Africa, Asia (including the indian subcontinent), the caribbean islands, and south America as they are produced by people from these areas during the colonial era of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Specifically, postcolonial criticism is an analysis of the power and political structures that pervaded the relationship between colonial powers and colonized areas in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. With the development of trade routes under the Ottoman Empire,

                          Gujrati Hindus, Syrian 

                   Muslims, Jews, Armenians, 

                  Christians from south and 

                  central Europe operated 

                  trading routes that supplied

                  Persian and Arab horses to

                  the armies of all three 

                  empires, Morcha coffee to 

                 Delhi and Belgrade, persian

                 silk to India and Istanbul.

Devang Nanavati : 'Talk on Eco critical thinking'

Sitanshu yashschandra's "Trees once Again"

  

      

                 Sitanshu Yashaschandra Mehta (born 1941), better known as Sitanshu Yashaschandra, is a Gujarati language poet, playwright, translator and academic from India.

       He is the President of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, writer in 1987 for his poetry collection Jatayu. Subsequently, he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India, in 2006. 

       

       Trees are vital. As the biggest plants on the planet, they give us oxygen, store carbon, stabilise the soil and give life to the world's wildlife. They also provide us with the materials for tools and shelter. That is the reason sitanshu write about the tree that we understand the situation of trees..And also  explain the importance of trees.  

About Eco criticism:-

        

         Eco criticism gives importance to the relationship between human beings and nature, how are human beings affecting nature and vice versa. ... In a broader perspective, Ecocriticism guides us to examine the world around us and critiquing the mannerisms of society in the treatment of nature. 

        Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.

       It is literary "criticism that arises from and is oriented toward a. concern with human and nonhuman interaction and interrelationship." Ecology has two shades, the shallow, and the deep ecology. Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.

         Today we can’t understand the importance of the nature and we use all the things of nature for our profit, and that the result it can damage our environment. We can’t understand that one day it becomes harmful to us. And than we don’t suppose that what to do??? And how to do???

        We can see this video link and also think that about the situation of our after 10 years..

Link:-   

  

 https://youtu.be/z_eknOqTrWM

Chipko movement:-

          

         

         The Chipko movement was a non-violent agitation in 1973 that was aimed at protection and conservation of trees, but, perhaps, it is best remembered for the collective mobilisation of women for the cause of preserving forests, which also brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in society. The uprising against the felling of trees and maintaining the ecological balance originated in Uttar Pradesh’s Chamoli district (now Uttarakhand) in 1973 and in no time spilled onto other states in north India. The name of the movement ‘chipko’ comes from the word ’embrace’, as the villagers hugged the trees and encirled them to prevent being hacked.

          

        Environment is the most important aspect to survive on this planet. Humans tend to forget that without a balanced environment, life cannot be sustained. With climate change upon us, sea levels on the rise, and increasing numbers of earthquakes, floods, and droughts, we cannot stress this enough.

Thinking Activity

The Renaissance period

         The literary term 'Renaissance' refers to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century that spread to the month, including England, by the sixteenth century, and ended in the mid-seventeenth century" The term 'Renaissance' is generally applied to the historical period which follows the Middle ages. It has been a metter of much debates that when the Renaissance began...

The term 'Renaissance' refers to the rebirth of classical Greek learning 'Renaissance' has been described as the birth of the modern world out of the ashes of the dark ages. Renaissance means "the discovery of the world and the discovery of the man." Before it there was an image of Middle ages as being ignorant, narrow, priestridden, backward, superstitious, and uncultured. On the other hand, the Renaissance was praised highly as being learned, civilized, broad-minded, progressive, and open-minded. 

▶️ Ben Jonson : (1573-1637)

           

          Ben Jonson was born in 1573, possibly, a month after the death of his father. He was married in 1594, to Anne Lewis. Unfortunately he lost a daughter at six months and a son at the age of seven month. In 1597, he was imprisoned for his share in Nashe's seditious satire, The isle of Dogs, and again in 1598 he killed a fellow actor in a duel and he could save himself from hanging only by pleading the benefit of clergy.

        Ben Jonson's first comedy was Every Man in His Humour. This is a realistic comedy of london life. It express the life of young gallants of london life. It expresses the life of young gallants of london satirically. In this comedy, Ben Jonson created the fine characters of Bobadil and kitely. Every Man in His Humour at once made Ben Jonson the idol of the literary world. His second comedy, Every Man out of his Humour was the first time Ben Jonson laid down his intention of being a satirist in drama. The other comedies cynthia's Reveals and postmaster Were acted in 1600. Both this comedies are satirical in tone. In this next play Sejanus. Both these comedies carried his theories of art into tragedy.

In 1605 Ben Jonson produced his great masterpiece volopne. This comedy achieved a victory both in London theatres and in the two universities. All his comedies are rich in details and are taken from life of actual manners. The last years of Ben jonson's life were full of suffering and sorrows. He died in 1637 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. On his tomb are inscribed the word " O rare Ben Jonson."